This is a really tricky (and good question) scientists and philosophers have been trying to do this for hundreds of years and many of them disagree with each other! In 1989 a psychologist called Stuart Sutherland wrote this about conciousness “it is impossible to specify what it is, what it does, or why it has evolved. Nothing worth reading has been written on it”.
In short, you could define conciousness as an interaction between an internal ‘mind’ and the external world.
But what is conscious? We think we are, and maybe some animals are… philosophy takes over here and gets really complicated!
Some experiments have tried to test whether animals can recognise themselves in a mirror, and used this as an idea of how aware animals are of themselves. Only apes (including us), dolphins, elephants and magpies can!
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